ܡܒܚܢܐ ܚܢܢ ܕ ܡܘܬܒܐ ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝ ܒ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܝܠܟ

ܥܡ̈ܡܐ ܐܒܘܪܝܓ̈ܝܢܝܐ ܘܕܐܘܪ̈ܝ ܛܘܪܐ

ܥ̈ܡܡܐ ܐܒܘܪ̈ܝܓܝܢ ܘܕܐܬܪ ܐܬܪ̈ܐ ܕ ܛܘ̈ܪܝ ܐܣܛܪ̈ܝܛ ܐܢܘܢ ܩ̈ܕܡܝܐ ܕ ܐܘܣܛܪ̈ܠܝܐ، ܥܡ ܬܪ̈ܝܨܬ ܬܘܕ̈ܝܬܐ ܕ 50,000 ܘ 65,000 ܫ̈ܢܝܢ. ܐܢܘܢ ܢܛ̈ܘܪܝ ܬܘܕ̈ܝܬܐ ܚ̈ܝܢ ܥ̈ܬܝܩܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ

ܗ̈ܘܦ̈ܟܐ ܪ̈ܝܫܝܐ:

• ܥ̈ܡܡܐ ܐܒܘܪ̈ܝܓ̈ܢܠ ܥܡܪ̈ܘ ܒܟܠ ܐܪܥܐ ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝ ܘܛܣܡܢܝܐ
• ܥ̈ܡܡܐ ܕܐܬܪ ܛܘܪ̈ܝ ܡ̈ܝ̣ ܐܬܘ ܡܢ ܓ̈ܙܪ̈ܬܐ ܒܝܬ ܩܘ̈ܝܢܣܠܢܕ ܘܦܦܘܐ ܓ̈ܢ̣ ܓ̈ܢ̣
• ܗܘܘ ܡܐܐ ܕܐܘܡܬܐ ܫܚܝ̈ܢܐ ܘܓܒ̈ܝ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ
• ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܩܪܒܐ ܪܘܚܢܝܐ ܥܡܝܩܐ ܠܐܪܥܐ
• ܗܘ ܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܐܘܣܛܪ̈ܠܝ ܡܕܪ ܐܢܘܢ ܒܕܘܟ ܡܝ̈ܘܚܕ ܐܝܟ ܩ̈ܕܡܝܐ ܕܐܘܣܛܪ̈ܠܝ

ܐܘܪܦܝܐ ܐܘܟܒܐ

ܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܬܐ ܫܪܝ ܗܘܬ ܒ-26 ܒ ܟܢܘܢ ܒ ܕ1788 ܟܕ ܡܛܬ ܐܠ ܦܠܝܛ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܒܪܝܛܢܝܐ. ܩܦܛܢ ܐܪܬܘܪ ܦܝܠܦ ܐܬ̇ܘܣ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܒ ܣܝܕܢܝ ܩܘܝ.

ܙ̈ܒܢܐ ܡ̈ܫܡܗܐ:

• 1788: ܩ̈ܠܥܐ ܩ̈ܕܡܝܐ ܡܛܝ̈ܢ ܥܡ ܐܣ̈ܝܪ̈ܐ ܘ̈ܐܦ ܐ̈ܢܫܐ ܕܐܦ̈ܝ ܩܪ̈ܒܐ
• 1851: ܫ̈ܘܚ ܕܕܗ̈ܒܐ ܫܪܝ̈ܢ، ܡܝ̈ܬܝ ܗ̇ܘ ܗ̇ܓ̈ܪܬ ܪ̈ܒܬܐ
• 1901: ܦܕܪܐܠ - ܫܬ ܡܕ̈ܝܢܬܐ ܡܬܚܒܪ̈ܢ ܠܡܥܒܕ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ
• 1967: ܣܡ ܩܘ̈ܠܐ ܠܡܢܝܐ ܐܘܛܘܟܣ̈ܝ ܒܡܢܝܢܐ

ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܘܐܘܚ̈ܕܢܐ ܕܐܘܣܛܪ̈ܠܝܐ

ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܫܬ ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܘܬܪܝܢ ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕ ܝܒܫܬܐ:

ܥܡ̈ܡܐ ܐܘܢܓ̈ܝܐ ܘܬܘܬ̈ܒܢܐ ܕܓܙܪ̈ܬܐ ܕܡܐܬ ܬܘܪܝܣ

ܥܡ̈ܡܐ ܐܘܟܝ̈ܬ ܘܬܘܫ̈ܒܐ ܕ ܓܙ̈ܪ ܡܨܪ ܬܘܪܝܣ ܗܢܘܢ ܬܘܫ̈ܒܐ ܩܕ̈ܡܝܐ ܕ ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ، ܥܡ ܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܕ ܡ 50,000 ܘ 65,000 ܫ̈ܢܝܢ. ܗܢܘܢ ܢܛ̈ܘܪܝ ܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܒ ܥܠܡܐ.

ܚܕ̈ܬ ܪ̈ܫܝܬܐ:

• ܥܡ̈ܡܐ ܩܕ̈ܡܝܐ ܥܡܪ̈ܝ ܒܟܠ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ ܘܛܣܡܢܝܐ
• ܥ̈ܡܡܐ ܕܓ̈ܙܪ̈ܬܐ ܕܡܨܪ ܛܘܪܝܣ ܐܬܘ ܡܢ ܓ̈ܙܪ̈ܬܐ ܒܝܬ ܩܘܝܢܣܠܢܕ ܘܦܦܘܐ ܓܝܢܝܐ
• ܐܝܬ ܗܘܘ ܡ̈ܐܬܐ ܕܥ̈ܡܡܐ ܘܓ̈ܢܣܝ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ
• ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܩܘܫܬܐ ܪܘܚܢܝܐ ܥܡܝܩܐ ܥܡ ܐܪܥܐ
• ܗܘ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ ܡܘܕܝ ܒܡܩܘܡܗܘܢ ܚܕܐ ܐܝܟ ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝ̈ܐ ܩܕ̈ܡܝܐ

ܥܡ̈ܡܐ ܐܘܢܓ̈ܝܐ ܘܬܘܬ̈ܒܢܐ ܕܓܙܪ̈ܬܐ ܕܡܐܬ ܬܘܪܝܣ

ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ ܗܝ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܦܪܠܡܢܛܪܝܬܐ ܡܒܣܣܬܐ ܥܠ ܢܙܡܐ ܕ ܘܣܛܡܢܣܛܪ. ܗܢܐ ܡܘܕܥ:

ܚܕ̈ܬ ܪ̈ܫܝܬܐ:

• ܥܡ̈ܡܐ ܩܕ̈ܡܝܐ ܥܡܪܝܢ ܒܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ ܘܒܛܣܡܢܝܐ
• ܥܡ̈ܡܐ ܕܓܙܪ̈ܬܐ ܕܛܘܪ̈ܝ ܝܡܐ ܡܢ ܩܘܝܢܣܠܢܕ ܘܡܢ ܓܙܪ̈ܬܐ ܕܒܐܒܘܐ ܢܘ ܓܝܢܝ
• ܐܝܬ ܡܐܐ ܕܥܡ̈ܡܐ ܘܓܘܒ̈ܝܢ ܕܠܫܢ̈ܐ
• ܐܢܘܢ ܥܡ ܐܪܥܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܩܘܫܬܐ ܪܘܚܢܝܬܐ
• ܡܡܠܟܬܐ ܕܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ ܡܘܕܝܐ ܒܗܘܢ ܐܝܟ ܪܝܫܝ̈ ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝ̈ܐ

ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܦܪܠܡܢܬܝܐ

ܐܘܟܝ̈ܬ ܘܬܘܫ̈ܒܐ ܕ ܓܙ̈ܪ ܡܨܪ ܬܘܪܝܣ ܗܢܘܢ ܬܘܫ̈ܒܐ ܩܕ̈ܡܝܐ ܕ ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ، ܥܡ ܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܕ ܡ 50,000 ܘ 65,000 ܫ̈ܢܝܢ. ܗܢܘܢ ܢܛ̈ܘܪܝ ܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܒ ܥܠܡܐ.

• ܐ̈ܢܫܐ ܓܒܝܢ ܫ̈ܠܝܚܐ ܠܒܝܬ ܡܬܟܢܫܢܐ
• ܓܒܐ ܐܘ ܚܒܘܪܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܪܘܪܒܐ ܥܒܕ ܡܡܠܟܬܐ
• ܪܝܫ ܡܡܠܟܬܐ ܗܘ ܪܝܫ ܓܒܐ
• ܚܘܩܐ ܡܬܕܝܢܝܢ ܘܡܬܦܪܣܝܢ ܒܒܝܬ ܢܘܢܒ

ܫܘܛܐ ܕܐܘܪܚܐ

ܟܠ ܐܢܫ ܒܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ ܒܥܝ ܕܢܬܒܥ ܩܢܘܢܐ، ܘܡܢ ܓܘܫܡܐ:

• ܪ̈ܫܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܘܡ̈ܫܪܝܐ
• ܪ̈ܫܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ
• ܪ̈ܫܐ ܕܬܪܥܝܬܐ
• ܟܠ ܐ̈ܢܫܐ ܘܬܘܬ̈ܒܢܐ

ܠܐ ܐܢܫ ܐܝܬ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܩܢܘܢܐ ܒܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ.

ܡܥܡܪܝܢ ܒܫܠܡܐ

ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ ܡܗܝܡܢܝܢ ܒܡܥܡܪ ܫܠܡܢܐ ܚܕ ܥܡ ܐܚܪܢܐ. ܘܗܢܐ ܡܫܬܡܠ:

• ܕܚܝܐ ܚܝܠܐ ܐܝܟ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܠܫܘܢܝܐ ܕܗܘܢܐ ܐܘ ܕܐܘܕܥܬܐ
• ܡܫܬܡܫ ܒܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ ܕܕܡܘܩܪܛܝ ܠܫܘܢܝܐ
• ܡܘܕܥ ܠܚܒ̈ܪܘܗܝ ܐܦ ܟܕ ܠܐ ܡܫܬܘܐ ܥܡܗܘܢ

ܐܘܕܥ ܠܟܠ ܒܪ ܢܫܐ

ܒܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ، ܟܠ ܐܢܫ ܫܘܝ ܠܐܝܩܪܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܡܢ:

• ܫܪܒܐ ܐܘ ܬܪܒܝܬܐ
• ܠܫܢܐ
• ܙܘܥܐ
• ܡܚܘܝܢܘܬܐ ܙܘܥܢܝܬܐ
• ܥܘܡܪܐ
• ܡܘܥܩܘܬܐ
• ܬܪܥܝܬܐ

ܚܐܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܒܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ

ܗܘܦܬ ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ

ܩܘܣܛܝܛܘܣܝܘܢ ܗ̇ܘ ܡܣܡ̈ܟܐ ܕܐܘܪܝܬܐ ܪܒ ܒܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ. ܗ̇ܘ:

• ܡܣܝܡ ܦܪܠܡܢ، ܚܘܟܡܐ، ܘܒ̈ܬܝ ܕܝܢܐ
• ܦܠܓ ܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܒܝܢܬ ܚܘܟܡܐ ܦܕܪܠܝܐ ܘܐܬܪܘܬܐ
• ܡܫܟܚ ܕܢܫܬܢܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܒܪܦܪܢܕܘܡ
• ܢܛܪ ܒܥܕ ̈ܙܕܩܐ، ܐܝܟ ܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܕܬܪܥܝܬܐ

ܬܠܬ ܡܳܕ̈ܪ̈ܓܳܬ ܕܗܰܘܳܢ̈ܐ

ܦܪܘܼܫ ܕܚܰܝ̣ܠ̈ܘܳܬܳܐ

ܐܬܐ ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܝܐ

ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ ܙܡܝܪܬܐ ܠܐܘܡܬܢܝܬܐ

ܐܪܡ ܕ̈ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕ ܒ̈ܪܝܛܢܝܐ

ܓ̈ܘܢܐ ܠܐܘܡܬܢܝܐ ܕ ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ

ܝܪܘܩܐ ܘܕܗܒܐ - ܐܬܢܣܒ ܡܢ ܘܬܠ ܕܗܒܐ, ܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ ܐܘܣܛܪ̈ܠܝܐ ܐܘܡܬܢܝܬܐ

ܝܘ̈ܡܬܐ ܕ ܥܡܐ ܒ̈ܪܝܛܢܝܐ

ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܡܫܡܗ̈ܐ

• ܩܲܦܛܲܢ ܝܲܡܣ ܩܘܟ: ܬܲܒ̣ܥ ܐܲܪ̈ܥܵܬܵܐ ܕܡܲܕܢܚܵܐ ܠܒ̣ܪܝܛܲܢܝܵܐ ܒ1770
• ܩܲܦܛܲܢ ܐܲܪܬܘܪ ܦܝܠܦ: ܪܝܫ ܡܲܦܲܩ ܕܐܘܣܛܪܲܠܝܵܐ، ܐܲܣܘܵܐ ܡܲܕܝܢ̱ܬ ܣܝ̱ܕܢܝ
• ܣܲܪ ܐܲܕܡܘܢ ܒܲܪܛܘܢ: ܩܕܡܵܝܵܐ ܪܝܫ ܘܙܝ̱ܪ ܕܐܘܣܛܪܲܠܝܵܐ
• ܣܲܪ ܕܘܢܲܠ ܒܪܲܕܡܲܢ: ܚܲܕ ܡ̣ܢ ܡ̈ܠܲܟ ܩ̈ܪܝܩܲܛ ܒ̣ܟܠ ܙܲܒ̣ܢ
• ܗܘܵܘܪ ܦܠܘ̱ܪܝ: ܦ̣ܬܚ ܦ̣ܢܝ̱ܣܝ̱ܠ ܐܲܝܟ ܣ̱ܡ ܐܲܣܝܘܬܵܐ

ܐܣܛܪܛܝܓܝܐ ܕܝܘܠܦܢ

1. ܫܘܪ ܥܡ ܡ̈ܬܝܬܐ: ܡܬܟ ܩܕܡ ܚܡܫ ܫ̈ܘܐܠܐ ܕ̈ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝ ܕ̈ܡܬܝܬܐ
2. ܐܬܚܕ ܡ̈ܘܪ̈ܕܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ: ܚܒ ܡ̈ܒܚܢ ̈ܐ ܕ̈ܡܨܥ ܥܡ ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܫܡܝ̈ܐ
3. ܦܘܪ ܒ̈ܝܘ̈ܡ: 85 ܕ̈ܩܝܩ ܒ̈ܝܘ̈ܡ ܛܒ ܡܢ ܡ̈ܠܦ ܒ̈ܕܚܩ
4. ܡ̈ܨܥ ܒ̈ܐܢܓܠܝ: ܐܦ ܐܢ ܡ̈ܠܦ ̈ܐ ܒ̈ܠܫܢ ̈ܐ
5. ܙܩܘܦ ܥܠ ܣ̈ܘܟܠ: ܠܐ ܒ̈ܠܚܘܕ ̈ܐ - ܣ̈ܘܟ ̈ܐ

ܛܘܘ̈ܗ ܫܘܒܩ̈ܢ ܕܢܬܟܦ ܡܢܗܘܢ

• ܠܐ ܦܘܪܫ ܒܓܡܝܪܘܬ ܐܪܗ̈ܘܬܐ ܐܘܣܛܪ̈ܠܝܐ
• ܡܘܟ ܒ̈ܡܫܝܢ ܕ̈ܡܡܘܠܟܬܐ ܘ̈ܦܕܪ̈ܠܝܐ
• ܡܥܪ̈ܒ ܒ̈ܙܒ̈ܢܐ ܬ̈ܫܥܝܬܐ
• ܠܐ ܡܣܬ̇ܒܪ ܡ̇ܢ ܡ̇ܗܘ ܡ̇ܦܩ ܕ̈ܚܘ̈ܩܐ
• ܡ̇ܗܪ ܒ̈ܫ̈ܐܠܬ̈ܐ ܒ̇ܠܐ ܩ̇ܪܐ ܒ̇ܙܗܪ